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Present Perfect

We’ve all heard the warnings about having high expectations.

What kind of warnings have we all heard? We have all heard the warnings about having high expectations.

And we have all heard the other camp saying that with belief, all things are possible; faith can move mountains.

Have we all heard the other camp? Yes, we’ve all heard the other camp. Have we all heard the other camp saying that with belief, all things are possible? Yes, we have all heard the other camp saying that with belief, all things are possible.

Is it truly possible for our beliefs to change reality? A Harvard professor named Robert Rosenthal has set out to answer that question.

Has Rosenthal set out to answer this question? Yes, Rosenthal has set out to answer this question.

Who has set out to answer this question? Rosenthal has set out to answer this question.

He has conducted a study on school children’s academic abilities.

What has he conducted a study on? He has conducted a study on school children’s academic abilities.

He has found something remarkable.

What has he found? He has found something remarkable.

Teachers have placed higher expectations on certain students, and those kids have risen to the occasion and excelled in school.

Who has risen to the occasion? Those kids have risen to the occasion.

This has been called ‘expectancy’, and it’s an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy.

What has it been called? Is has been called expectancy.

The higher the expectations that are placed on people to succeed, the better they have performed.

Have they performed better or worse? They have performed better.

Rosenthal’s study has demonstrated this effect by giving an IQ test to students at an elementary school in the San Francisco area.

Has Rosenthal’s study demonstrated this effect? Yes, Rosenthal’s study has demonstrated this effect. Has he demonstrated this effect by giving an IQ test to students at an elementary school?

Yes, he has demonstrated this effect by giving an IQ test to students at an elementary school.

He has told the teachers of these students that this was a very special test. But in reality, Rosenthal has lied, and didn’t even look at the results.

Has he told them that this is a very normal test? No, he hasn’t told them this is a normal test. He has told them this is a very special test.

He has randomly chosen which students were supposedly special and has given the randomly selected list of names to the teachers.

How has he chosen which students were special? He has randomly chosen which students are special. Who has he given the randomly selected list of names to? He has given the randomly selected list of names to the teachers.

The teachers have been told to not tell the students about the test results.

What have the teachers been told? The teachers have been told to not tell the students about the test results.

It seems hard to believe, but these students have gone on to be much more successful in school than their peers.

What has happened to these students? These students have gone on to be much more successful in school than their peers.

These teachers have most likely communicated their beliefs in very concrete ways.

What kind of ways have these teachers communicated their beliefs? These teachers have most likely communicated their beliefs in very concrete ways.

They have given the supposedly special students more attention and more correction.

Who has given the special students more attention? The teachers have given the special students more attention. What else have they given them? They have also given them more correction.

They have made more eye contact. They have touched them more. They have asked them more questions.

Have they made more eye contact and touched them more? Yes, they have made more eye contact and touched them more. Have they also asked them more questions? Yes, they have also asked them more questions.

They have given them more time to answer questions.

Who has given them more time to answer questions? The teachers have given them more time to answer questions.

And they have been kinder to these students. These actions have been unconscious, but they have had a very real effect.

Have these actions been conscious or unconscious? These actions have been unconscious.