گرامر زمان حال کامل

PRESENT PERFECT

UNUSUAL INHERITANCES

While our DNA is fixed, research into epigenetics has shown that things are not so cut and dried.

What has research into epigenetics shown? Research into epigenetics has shown that things are not so cut and dried.

Professor Olov has found an unusual connection between starving children and the health of their children and grandchildren.

Has he found a connection between starving children and the health of their children and grandchildren? Yes, he has found a connection between starving children and the health of their children and grandchildren. Has he found a normal connection or an unusual connection? He has found an unusual connection. Who has found an unusual connection? Professor Olov has found an unusual connection.

Olov has grown up in the town of Överkalix in northern Sweden.

Where has he grown up? He has grown up in the town of Överkalix in northern Sweden.

He has described Överkalix as being data rich.

How has he described his hometown? He has described his hometown as being data rich.

The church there has kept incredibly detailed records for hundreds of years.

How long have they kept incredibly detailed records? They have kept incredibly detailed records for hundreds of years. Who has kept incredibly detailed records for hundreds of years? The church there has kept incredibly detailed records for hundreds of years.

Birth dates, death dates, and historical crop levels have all been meticulously recorded.

What have all been meticulously recorded? Birth dates, death dates, and historical crop levels have all been meticulously recorded.

Olov has begun looking at this crop data.

Who has begun looking at this crop data? Olov has begun looking at this crop data.

Over the years people have bounced between periods of near starvation and plenty.

Over the years, what have people bounced between? Over the years people have bounced between periods of near starvation and plenty.

Harsh weather has resulted in little food some years.

What has resulted in little food some years? Harsh weather has resulted in little food some years.

And plentiful harvests have resulted in full bellies other years.

What have plentiful harvests resulted in? Plentiful harvests have resulted in full bellies other years.

Within this data, Olov has found a strange link that has stretched across three generations.

Who has found a strange link? Olov has found a strange link. How many generations has it stretched across? It has stretched across three generations.

He has found a clear connection between adolescent starvation and future generation health benefits.

What has he found a clear connection between? He has found a clear connection between adolescent starvation and future generation health benefits.

The chemical effects of starvation have somehow affected the epigenome.

Have the chemical effects of starvation somehow affected the DNA? No, the chemical effects of starvation haven’t affected the DNA. The chemical effects of starvation have somehow affected the epigenome.

The idea that we can inherit advantages and disadvantages from our parents in the form of money or DNA has been taken for granted.

Has the idea that we can inherit advantages and disadvantages from our parents in the form of money or DNA been taken for granted? Yes, the idea that we can inherit advantages and disadvantages from our parents in the form of money or DNA has been taken for granted.

“But this new field, “epigenetic inheritance,” has transformed our views of why we are the way we are.”

What has this new field transformed our views about? This new field has transformed our views of why we are the way we are.